Illes, J., & Racine, E. (2005). Imaging or imagining? A neuroethics challenge informed by genetics. American Journal of Bioethics, 5(2), 5-18. From a twenty-first century partnership between bioethics and neuroscience, the modern field of neuroethics is emerging, and technologies enabling functional neuroimaging with unprecedented sensitivity have brought new ethical, social and legal issues to the forefront. Some issues, akin to those surrounding modern genetics, raise critical questions regarding prediction of disease, privacy and identity. However, with new and still-evolving insights into our neurobiology and previously unquantifiable features of profoundly personal behaviors such as social attitude, value and moral agency, the difficulty of carefully and properly interpreting the relationship between brain findings and our own self-concept is unprecedented. Therefore, while the ethics of genetics provides a legitimate starting point—even a backbone—for tackling ethical issues in neuroimaging, they do not suffice. Drawing on recent neuroimaging findings and their plausible real-world applications, we argue that interpretation of neuroimaging data is a key epistemological and ethical challenge. This challenge is two-fold. First, at the scientific level, the sheer complexity of neuroscience research poses challenges for integration of knowledge and meaningful interpretation of data. Second, at the social and cultural level, we find that interpretations of imaging studies are bound by cultural and anthropological frameworks. In particular, the introduction of concepts of self and personhood in neuroimaging illustrates the interaction of interpretation levels and is a major reason why ethical reflection on genetics will only partially help settle neuroethical issues. Indeed, ethical interpretation of such findings will necessitate not only traditional bioethical input but also a wider perspective on the construction of scientific knowledge. ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR Copyright of American Journal of Bioethics is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts);

Molnar, M. J., & Bencsik, P. (2006). Establishing a neurological-psychiatric biobank: Banking, informatics, ethics. Cellular Immunology, 244(2), 101-104. Abstract: The recent development of genetic databases and biobanks in a number of countries reflects scientist’s beliefs in the future health benefits to be derived from genetic research. The NEPSYBANK is a national program of the Hungarian Clinical Neurogenetic Society with comprehensive participation of the Neurology and Psychiatry Departments of Medical Universities and the National Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology. The NEPSYBANK forms a part of the national biobank project (www.biobank.hu). The goal is to establish nationwide collaboration and common biobanking standards on quality, access, and protection of integrity in the field of neurology and psychiatry. Biological materials and databases are already collected in stroke, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, motoneuron diseases, dementia, movement disorders, schizophrenia, and alcohol addiction. In peripheral neuropathies, neuropathic pain syndromes, muscle diseases, migraine, myasthenia gravis, depression, panic disease, anxiety, autism, and software development is in progress. The resources have been expanded by continued prospective collection of samples and data and important bottlenecks in sample purification, sample retrieval, in protection of the integrity of the research participants, as well as in guaranteeing the security and confidentiality of the participant’s information have been harmonized. The development of uniform consent management, comprehensive sample overview and quality standards for health care-related biobanking may provide a unique opportunity for Hungary in molecular clinically oriented research. The program is a diseased-based research biobank with comprehensive collection of phenotypic and environmental information as well as biobanking of DNA, RNA or buffy coat, plasma, and erythrocytes stored at −80°C. The biobank has a neuropathological part as well: storing conventional pathology and biopsy specimens. The analytical and informational demands being ... Copyright 2006 Elsevier Copyright of Cellular Immunology is the property of Academic Press Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts)

Robert, Jason Scott. (2007). Gene maps, brain scans, and psychiatric nosology. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics, 16(2), 209-218. Neuroethics to date has tended to focus on social and ethical implications of developments in brain science, especially in functional neuroimaging. Within clinical neuroethics, the emphasis has been on ethical issues in clinical neuroscience practice, including informed consent to neuroimaging; the development of ethical research protocols for functional magnetic resonance imaging especially, and especially in children; and the ethical clinical management of incidental findings. Within normative neuroethics, we have witnessed the more philosophical and/or social scientific study of the meanings of developments in neuroscience, including concerns about the impact of neuroimaging on privacy, freedom of thought, moral culpability, and sense of self. In this piece, I argue for an expansion of neuroethical attention to the interface of neuroscience and psychiatry, where brain science meets the clinical sciences of the mind. My particular focus is the development of psychiatric classification systems. ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR Copyright of Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics is the property of Cambridge University Press / UK and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts);